多线程编程指南PDF下载

多线程基础介绍.........................................................................................................................................15 定义多线程术语.........................................................................................................................................15 符合多线程标准.........................................................................................................................................16 多线程的益处.............................................................................................................................................17 提高应用程序的响应.........................................................................................................................17 有效使用多处理器..............................................................................................................................17 改进程序结构.....................................................................................................................................17 占用较少的系统资源.........................................................................................................................17 结合线程和RPC（远程过程调用） ...............................................................................................18 多线程概念..................................................................................................................................................18 并发性和并行性.................................................................................................................................18 多线程结构一览.................................................................................................................................18 线程调度..............................................................................................................................................19 线程取消..............................................................................................................................................19 线程同步..............................................................................................................................................20 使用64 位体系结构...................................................................................................................................20 2 基本线程编程.............................................................................................................................................23 线程库...........................................................................................................................................................23 创建缺省线程.....................................................................................................................................23 等待线程终止.....................................................................................................................................25 简单线程的示例.................................................................................................................................26 分离线程..............................................................................................................................................28 为线程特定数据创建键.....................................................................................................................28 删除线程特定数据键.........................................................................................................................30 设置线程特定数据..............................................................................................................................31 3 获取线程特定数据..............................................................................................................................31 获取线程标识符.................................................................................................................................35 比较线程ID .........................................................................................................................................36 初始化线程..........................................................................................................................................36 停止执行线程.....................................................................................................................................37 设置线程的优先级..............................................................................................................................38 获取线程的优先级..............................................................................................................................39 向线程发送信号.................................................................................................................................40 访问调用线程的信号掩码.................................................................................................................41 安全地Fork .........................................................................................................................................41 终止线程..............................................................................................................................................42 结束.......................................................................................................................................................42 取消线程..............................................................................................................................................43 取消线程..............................................................................................................................................44 启用或禁用取消功能.........................................................................................................................45 设置取消类型.....................................................................................................................................46 创建取消点..........................................................................................................................................46 将处理程序推送到栈上.....................................................................................................................47 从栈中弹出处理程序.........................................................................................................................47 3 线程属性......................................................................................................................................................49 属性对象......................................................................................................................................................49 初始化属性..........................................................................................................................................50 销毁属性..............................................................................................................................................51 设置分离状态.....................................................................................................................................52 获取分离状态.....................................................................................................................................53 设置栈溢出保护区大小.....................................................................................................................54 获取栈溢出保护区大小.....................................................................................................................55 设置范围..............................................................................................................................................55 获取范围..............................................................................................................................................57 设置线程并行级别..............................................................................................................................57 获取线程并行级别..............................................................................................................................58 设置调度策略.....................................................................................................................................58 获取调度策略.....................................................................................................................................59 设置继承的调度策略.........................................................................................................................60 获取继承的调度策略.........................................................................................................................61 目录 4 多线程编程指南• 2006年10月 设置调度参数.....................................................................................................................................62 获取调度参数.....................................................................................................................................63 设置栈大小..........................................................................................................................................65 获取栈大小..........................................................................................................................................66 关于栈...................................................................................................................................................67 设置栈地址和大小..............................................................................................................................68 获取栈地址和大小..............................................................................................................................70 4 用同步对象编程.........................................................................................................................................73 互斥锁属性..................................................................................................................................................74 初始化互斥锁属性对象.....................................................................................................................75 销毁互斥锁属性对象.........................................................................................................................76 设置互斥锁的范围..............................................................................................................................76 获取互斥锁的范围..............................................................................................................................77 设置互斥锁类型的属性.....................................................................................................................78 获取互斥锁的类型属性.....................................................................................................................79 设置互斥锁属性的协议.....................................................................................................................80 获取互斥锁属性的协议.....................................................................................................................82 设置互斥锁属性的优先级上限........................................................................................................83 获取互斥锁属性的优先级上限........................................................................................................84 设置互斥锁的优先级上限.................................................................................................................84 获取互斥锁的优先级上限.................................................................................................................85 设置互斥锁的强健属性.....................................................................................................................86 获取互斥锁的强健属性.....................................................................................................................88 使用互斥锁..................................................................................................................................................89 初始化互斥锁.....................................................................................................................................89 使互斥保持一致.................................................................................................................................90 锁定互斥锁..........................................................................................................................................91 解除锁定互斥锁.................................................................................................................................93 使用非阻塞互斥锁锁定.....................................................................................................................94 销毁互斥锁..........................................................................................................................................95 互斥锁定的代码示例.........................................................................................................................96 条件变量属性...........................................................................................................................................102 初始化条件变量属性.......................................................................................................................103 删除条件变量属性............................................................................................................................103 设置条件变量的范围.......................................................................................................................104 目录 5 获取条件变量的范围.......................................................................................................................105 使用条件变量...........................................................................................................................................106 初始化条件变量...............................................................................................................................106 基于条件变量阻塞............................................................................................................................108 解除阻塞一个线程............................................................................................................................109 在指定的时间之前阻塞................................................................................................................... 111 在指定的时间间隔内阻塞............................................................................................................... 113 解除阻塞所有线程............................................................................................................................ 114 销毁条件变量状态............................................................................................................................ 116 唤醒丢失问题................................................................................................................................... 117 生成方和使用者问题....................................................................................................................... 117 使用信号进行同步...................................................................................................................................121 命名信号和未命名信号...................................................................................................................122 计数信号量概述...............................................................................................................................122 初始化信号........................................................................................................................................123 增加信号............................................................................................................................................125 基于信号计数进行阻塞...................................................................................................................126 减小信号计数...................................................................................................................................126 销毁信号状态...................................................................................................................................127 使用信号时的生成方和使用者问题.............................................................................................128 读写锁属性................................................................................................................................................130 初始化读写锁属性............................................................................................................................131 销毁读写锁属性...............................................................................................................................131 设置读写锁属性...............................................................................................................................132 获取读写锁属性...............................................................................................................................132 使用读写锁................................................................................................................................................133 初始化读写锁...................................................................................................................................133 获取读写锁中的读锁.......................................................................................................................134 读取非阻塞读写锁中的锁...............................................................................................................135 写入读写锁中的锁............................................................................................................................136 写入非阻塞读写锁中的锁...............................................................................................................136 解除锁定读写锁...............................................................................................................................137 销毁读写锁........................................................................................................................................137 跨进程边界同步.......................................................................................................................................138 生成方和使用者问题示例...............................................................................................................138 比较元语....................................................................................................................................................141 目录 6 多线程编程指南• 2006年10月 5 使用Solaris 软件编程..............................................................................................................................143 进程创建中的fork 问题...........................................................................................................................143 Fork-One 模型...................................................................................................................................144 Fork-all 模型......................................................................................................................................147 选择正确的Fork ...............................................................................................................................147 进程创建：exec 和exit 问题................................................................................................................147 计时器、报警与剖析...............................................................................................................................148 每LWP POSIX 计时器......................................................................................................................148 每线程报警........................................................................................................................................148 剖析多线程程序...............................................................................................................................149 非本地转向：setjmp 和longjmp ...........................................................................................................149 资源限制....................................................................................................................................................149 LWP 和调度类...........................................................................................................................................149 分时调度............................................................................................................................................150 实时调度............................................................................................................................................150 公平共享调度程序............................................................................................................................151 固定优先级调度...............................................................................................................................151 扩展传统信号...........................................................................................................................................151 同步信号............................................................................................................................................152 异步信号............................................................................................................................................152 延续语义............................................................................................................................................152 对信号执行的操作............................................................................................................................154 定向于线程的信号............................................................................................................................155 完成语义............................................................................................................................................157 信号处理程序和异步信号安全......................................................................................................158 中断对条件变量的等待...................................................................................................................160 I/O 问题......................................................................................................................................................161 I/O 作为远程过程调用.....................................................................................................................161 人为的异步性...................................................................................................................................162 异步I/O ..............................................................................................................................................162 共享的I/O 和新的I/O 系统调用...................................................................................................163 getc 和putc 的替代项......................................................................................................................164 6 安全和不安全的接口...............................................................................................................................165 线程安全....................................................................................................................................................165 MT接口安全级别....................................................................................................................................167 目录 7 不安全接口的可重复执行函数......................................................................................................168 异步信号安全函数...................................................................................................................................168 库的MT安全级别...................................................................................................................................169 不安全库............................................................................................................................................169 7 编译和调试................................................................................................................................................171 编译多线程应用程序...............................................................................................................................171 为编译做准备...................................................................................................................................171 选择Solaris 语义或POSIX 语义.....................................................................................................171 包括 或 ...................................................................................................172 定义_REENTRANT 或_POSIX_C_SOURCE ...........................................................................................173 使用libthread 或libpthread 链接..............................................................................................173 与POSIX 信号的-lrt 链接.............................................................................................................174 将原有模块与新模块链接...............................................................................................................174 备用线程库................................................................................................................................................175 调试多线程程序.......................................................................................................................................175 多线程程序中常见的疏忽性问题.................................................................................................175 使用TNF 实用程序跟踪和调试.....................................................................................................176 使用truss ..........................................................................................................................................176 使用mdb ..............................................................................................................................................176 使用dbx ..............................................................................................................................................177 8 Solaris 线程编程.......................................................................................................................................179 比较Solaris 线程和POSIX 线程的API .................................................................................................179 API 的主要差异................................................................................................................................179 函数比较表........................................................................................................................................180 Solaris 线程的独有函数...........................................................................................................................183 暂停执行线程...................................................................................................................................183 继续执行暂停的线程.......................................................................................................................185 相似的同步函数－读写锁......................................................................................................................186 初始化读写锁...................................................................................................................................186 获取读锁............................................................................................................................................188 尝试获取读锁...................................................................................................................................188 获取写锁............................................................................................................................................189 尝试获取写锁...................................................................................................................................189 解除锁定读写锁...............................................................................................................................190 目录 8 多线程编程指南• 2006年10月 销毁读写锁的状态............................................................................................................................191 相似的Solaris 线程函数...........................................................................................................................193 创建线程............................................................................................................................................193 获取最小栈大小...............................................................................................................................195 获取线程标识符...............................................................................................................................196 停止执行线程...................................................................................................................................196 向线程发送信号...............................................................................................................................197 访问调用线程的信号掩码...............................................................................................................197 终止线程............................................................................................................................................198 等待线程终止...................................................................................................................................198 创建线程特定的数据键...................................................................................................................200 设置线程特定的数据值...................................................................................................................201 获取线程特定的数据值...................................................................................................................201 设置线程的优先级............................................................................................................................202 获取线程的优先级............................................................................................................................203 相似的同步函数－互斥锁......................................................................................................................204 初始化互斥锁...................................................................................................................................204 销毁互斥锁........................................................................................................................................206 获取互斥锁........................................................................................................................................207 释放互斥锁........................................................................................................................................207 尝试获取互斥锁...............................................................................................................................208 相似的同步函数：条件变量..................................................................................................................208 初始化条件变量...............................................................................................................................208 销毁条件变量...................................................................................................................................210 等待条件............................................................................................................................................210 等待绝对时间................................................................................................................................... 211 等待时间间隔...................................................................................................................................212 解除阻塞一个线程............................................................................................................................213 解除阻塞所有线程............................................................................................................................213 相似的同步函数：信号...........................................................................................................................214 初始化信号........................................................................................................................................214 增加信号............................................................................................................................................215 基于信号计数阻塞............................................................................................................................216 减小信号计数...................................................................................................................................216 销毁信号状态...................................................................................................................................217 跨进程边界同步.......................................................................................................................................218 生成方和使用者问题示例...............................................................................................................218 目录 9 fork() 和Solaris 线程的特殊问题.........................................................................................................220 9 编程原则....................................................................................................................................................221 重新考虑全局变量...................................................................................................................................221 提供静态局部变量...................................................................................................................................222 同步线程....................................................................................................................................................223 单线程策略........................................................................................................................................224 可重复执行函数...............................................................................................................................224 避免死锁....................................................................................................................................................226 与调用相关的死锁............................................................................................................................227 锁定原则............................................................................................................................................227 线程代码的一些基本原则......................................................................................................................227 创建和使用线程.......................................................................................................................................228 使用多处理器...........................................................................................................................................228 基础体系结构...................................................................................................................................229 线程程序示例...........................................................................................................................................233 需要进一步阅读的内容...................................................................................................................233 A 样例应用程序：多线程grep ..................................................................................................................235 tgrep 的说明.............................................................................................................................................235 B Solaris 线程示例： barrier.c ................................................................................................................293 索引.............................................................................................................................................................303