Modeling and Simulation of Everyday Things pdf下载

How can computer modeling and simulation tools be used to understand and analyze common situations and everyday problems? Readers will find here an easy-to-follow, enjoyable introduction for anyone even with little background training. Examples are incorporated throughout to stimulate interest and engage the reader. Build the necessary skillsets with operating systems, editing, languages, commands, and visualization. Obtain hands-on examples from sports, accidents, and disease to problems of heat transfer, fluid flow, waves, and groundwater flow. Includes discussion of parallel computing and graphics processing units. This introductory, practical guide is suitable for students at any level up to professionals looking to use modeling and simulation to help solve basic to more advanced problems. Michael W. Roth, PhD, serves as Dean of the School of STEM and Business at Hawkeye Community College in Waterloo, Iowa. He was most recently Chair for three years at Northern Kentucky University's Department of Physics, Geology and Engineering Technology, and holds several awards for teaching excellence. 1. Building Your Basic Tool Box 3 1.1 Introduction: When are Computer Simulations Useful?.................................... 3 1.2 How Much Should a Simulation be Trusted?........................................................ 9 1.3 Who First Used Them and Why They Came About.......................................... 11 1.4 What’s the State of the Art? What Limits Have Been Pushed?....................... 15 1.5 The Simulation’s New Clothes................................................................................ 16 1.6 Computer Modeling is a Very Interdisciplinary Field....................................... 18 1.7 What Types of Models are Most Important for Everyday Things?.................20 1.8 When Do You Build Your Own Tools and When are Black Boxes the Best? .............................................................................................................. 23 Problems...............................................................................................................................25 References ............................................................................................................................25 viii Contents 2. Getting to Know the Neighborhood 27 2.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.2 The UNIX Operating System..................................................................................28 2.3 The Vi Editor ..............................................................................................................36 2.4 A Working Introduction to C++: Basic Coding ................................................ 37 2.5 How Do I Choose a Good Algorithm?..................................................................45 2.6 Compiling, Linking, and Executing Simple Programs......................................46 2.7 Examples of What Can be Done Wrong: Compile Errors, Execution Errors, and Bugs..................................................................................... 47 2.8 Doing it Without a Supercomputer: Computing on Macs and PC’s .............. 52 2.9 Mapping Your C++ Knowledge to Other Computing Languages................. 52 2.10 Critically Thinking about Your Work: Relevance, Applicability, and Limits ............................................................................................................. 54 2.11 Your Work in the Broader Context of the Scientific and Technological Community.............................................................................. 55 Problems............................................................................................................................... 55 Acknowledgment................................................................................................................57 References ............................................................................................................................57 3. Visualizing Your Work and Representing Your Best Story 59 3.1 Introductory Thoughts............................................................................................. 59 3.2 Visualizing Two-Dimensional Data Sets..............................................................60 3.3 Visualizing Three-Dimensional Data Sets...........................................................63 3.4 Making Pictures and Movies ..................................................................................63 3.5 A Sample Visualization Program...........................................................................64 3.6 Four- and Higher-Dimensional Visualization: Yes, It Really Works!.............65 3.7 Cross-Sensory Visualization: What If You Can’t See or Hear? .......................66 3.8 Limiting Cases and Effective (Reduced) Systems...............................................68 3.9 Visualizing Calculus Part I: Derivatives............................................................... 71 3.10 Visualizing Calculus Part II: Integrals..................................................................73 3.11 Critically Thinking about How Best to Visualize Your Results....................... 75 3.12 Examples of Visualization and Presentation of Data......................................... 75 3.13 Visualizing Various Stages of Cancer Cell Growth ...........................................83 Problems...............................................................................................................................95 References ............................................................................................................................97 SECTION II Models of Everyday Things 4. Things We See in the News: The Fun and the Dangerous 101 4.1 Modeling the Flight of Objects through Fluids: Using Science to Play a Better Game ............................................................................................. 101 4.2 Physics on the Field: Achieving More Efficient Football Tackles.................. 111 4.3 A Physics Nerd, a Cool Guy, and a Pool Table...................................................124 Contents ix 4.4 Understanding Things of Danger in Hindsight and Foresight ......................137 4.5 Diseases ..................................................................................................................... 141 Problems............................................................................................................................. 147 References ..........................................................................................................................150 5. The Many Faces of Music 151 5.1 Introductory Thoughts...........................................................................................151 5.2 A Finite Difference Simulation of a Guitar String............................................151 5.3 A Little Mathematical Overhead that Provides a Wealth of Understanding .........................................................................................................155 5.4 Living in 2D: Sheets and Drums ..........................................................................158 5.5 Sometimes You Win and Sometimes You Lose: Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Method ............................................................................ 161 5.6 When Resonance Isn’t Your Friend: The Tacoma Narrows Bridge............... 161 5.7 Matter Waves: Schrödinger’s Equation .............................................................. 162 Problems............................................................................................................................. 171 References ..........................................................................................................................172 6. Going with the Flow 173 6.1 Introductory Thoughts...........................................................................................173 6.2 How Fluids Move around Boundaries ................................................................ 174 6.3 A Sample Program that Calculates Wind Velocity in Cartesian Coordinates ..............................................................................................................180 6.4 Snow in July .............................................................................................................. 191 6.5 A Sample Program that Simulates a Snowstorm..............................................194 6.6 How Fluids Move through Porous Media..........................................................203 6.7 The Heat Equation................................................................................................... 216 Problems.............................................................................................................................220 References ..........................................................................................................................222 SECTION III Beyond Everyday Phenomena 7. One of the Most Versatile Simulation Tools Around 225 7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................225 7.2 Theory Behind the Material Point Method .......................................................225 7.3 A Material Point Method Program .....................................................................232 7.4 Applications of the Material Point Method Simulation..................................260 Problems.............................................................................................................................266 References ..........................................................................................................................267 8. Simulations that Explore Atoms and Planets 269 8.1 Introduction to Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations......................269 8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a System of Particles..............................270 x Contents 8.3 Monte Carlo Simulations.......................................................................................288 8.4 How Do We Choose MD or MC? ........................................................................301 8.5 The Dynamics of Planetary and Galactic Systems...........................................303 8.6 Advanced Planetary Dynamics Methods Designed to Save Time: Go Climb a Tree ......................................................................................................313 Problems............................................................................................................................. 314 References .......................................................................................................................... 316 SECTION IV A Glimpse into More Advanced Computing 9. Parallel Computing, Scripting and GPU’s 321 9.1 Introductory Thoughts...........................................................................................321 9.2 Decompositions: Breaking Up is Easy to Do .....................................................322 9.3 Example Parallel Programs ...................................................................................322 9.4 Compiling and Executing MPI Codes ................................................................334 9.5 UNIX Scripting........................................................................................................334 9.6 Graphics Processing Units (GPU’s) .....................................................................336 Problems.............................................................................................................................336 References ..........................................................................................................................338 Appendix A: Integrated C++ / Python Simulation of Guitar Sounds 339 Index 345