Commercial Wireless Circuits and Components Handbook下载

22 Nonlinear RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis Michael B. Steer and John F. Sevic 22.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................22-1 22.2 Modeling RF and Microwave Signals ...................................................................................22-2 22.3 Basics of Circuit Modeling ....................................................................................................22-8 22.4 Time-Domain Circuit Simulation .....................................................................................22-10 22.5 Harmonic Balance: Mixed Frequency and Time Domain Simulation ............................22-16 22.6 Frequency Domain Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits ..........................................................22-19 22.7 Summary .............................................................................................................................22-21 23 Computer-Aided Design of Microwave Circuitry Ron Kielmeyer 23.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................23-1 23.2 Initial Design .........................................................................................................................23-1 23.3 Physical Element Models ......................................................................................................23-2 23.4 Layout Effects ........................................................................................................................23-2 23.5 Sensitivity to Process Variation ............................................................................................23-3 23.6 Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Simulation ..............................................................23-5 24 Nonlinear Transistor Modeling for Circuit Simulation Walter R. Curtice 24.1 Modeling in General .............................................................................................................24-1 24.2 Scope of This Work ...............................................................................................................24-4 24.3 Equivalent Circuit Models ....................................................................................................24-4 24.4 SPICE Models and Application-Specific Models ................................................................24-6 24.5 Improved Transistor Models for Circuit Simulation ..........................................................24-6 24.6 Modeling Gate Charge as a Function of Local and Remote Voltages in MESFETS and PHEMTS ........................................................................................................................24-7 24.7 Modeling the Effects Due to Traps .......................................................................................24-9 24.8 Modeling Temperature Effects and Self-Heating ..............................................................24-10 24.9 Enhancing the Gummel-Poon Model for Use with GaAs and InP HBTs .......................24-12 24.10 Modeling the RF LDMOS Power Transistor .....................................................................24-15 24.11 Parameter Extraction for Analytical Models .....................................................................24-15 24.12 The Vector Nonlinear Network Analyzer ..........................................................................24-16 24.13 Model Verification ..............................................................................................................24-17 24.14 Foundry Models and Statistics ...........................................................................................24-17 24.15 Future Nonlinear Transistor Models .................................................................................24-17 Index .................................................................................................................................. I-117 Theory of High-Power Load-Pull Characterization for RF and Microwave Transistors John F. Sevic 17.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................17-1 17.2 System Architecture for High-Power Load-Pull .................................................................17-2 17.3 Characterization of System Components ............................................................................17-5 17.4 System Performance Verification .......................................................................................17-13 17.5 Summary .............................................................................................................................17-14 18 Pulsed Measurements Anthony E. Parker, James G. Rathmell, and Jonathan B. Scott 18.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................18-1 18.2 Isothermal and Isodynamic Characteristics ........................................................................18-2 18.3 Relevant Properties of Devices .............................................................................................18-7 18.4 Pulsed Measurement Equipment .......................................................................................18-10 18.5 Measurement Techniques ...................................................................................................18-18 18.6 Data Processing ...................................................................................................................18-26 19 Microwave On-Wafer Test Jean-Pierre Lanteri, Christopher Jones, and John R. Mahon 19.1 On-Wafer Test Capabilities and Applications .....................................................................19-1 19.2 Test Accuracy Considerations ..............................................................................................19-6 19.3 On-Wafer Test Interface .....................................................................................................19-12 19.4 On-Wafer RF Test Benefits .................................................................................................19-15 20 High Volume Microwave Test Jean-Pierre Lanteri, Christopher Jones, and John R. Mahon 20.1 High Volume Microwave Component Needs .....................................................................20-1 20.2 Test System Overview ...........................................................................................................20-4 20.3 High Volume Test Challenges ..............................................................................................20-8 20.4 Data Analysis Overview ......................................................................................................20-13 20.5 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................20-17 21 Computer-Aided Design of Passive Components Daniel G. Swanson, Jr. 21.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................21-1 21.2 Circuit Theory Based CAD ...................................................................................................21-2 21.3 Field Theory-Based CAD ......................................................................................................21-4 21.4 Solution Time for Circuit Theory and Field Theory ...........................................................21-6 21.5 A Hybrid Approach to Circuit Analysis ...............................................................................21-6 21.6 Optimization .......................................................................................................................21-10 21.7 The Next Decade .................................................................................................................21-10 21.8 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................21-11 1564_FM Page xvii Thursday, September 12, 2002 12:19 PM12 Guided Wave Propagation and Transmission Lines W.R. Deal, V. Radisic, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh 12.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................12-1 12.2 TEM Transmission Lines, Telegrapher’s Equations, and Transmission Line Theory ........12-2 12.3 Guided Wave Solution from Maxwell’s Equations, Rectangular Waveguide, and Circular Waveguide .......................................................................................................12-5 12.4 Planar Guiding Structures ..................................................................................................12-11 13 Linear Measurements R.E. Ham 13.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................13-1 13.2 Signal Measurements ............................................................................................................13-1 13.3 Network Measurements ........................................................................................................13-3 14 Network Analyzer Calibration Joseph Staudinger 14.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................14-1 14.2 VNA Functionality ................................................................................................................14-2 14.3 Sources of Measurement Uncertainties ...............................................................................14-3 14.4 Modeling VNA Systematic Errors ........................................................................................14-3 14.5 Calibration .............................................................................................................................14-4 14.6 Calibration Standards ...........................................................................................................14-5 15 Noise Measurements Alfy Riddle 15.1 Fundamentals of Noise .........................................................................................................15-1 15.2 Detection ...............................................................................................................................15-3 15.3 Noise Figure and Y-Factor Method .....................................................................................15-3 15.4 Phase Noise and Jitter ...........................................................................................................15-5 15.5 Summary ...............................................................................................................................15-9 16 Nonlinear Microwave Measurement and Characterization J. Stevenson Kenney 16.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................16-1 16.2 Mathematical Characterization of Nonlinear Circuits .......................................................16-2 16.3 Harmonic Distortion............................................................................................................ 16-4 16.4 Gain Compression and Phase Distortion ............................................................................16-5 16.5 Intermodulation Distortion ...............................................................................................16-10 16.6 Multicarrier Intermodulation Distortion and Noise Power Ratio ...................................16-13 16.7 Distortion of Digitally Modulated Signals .........................................................................16-15 16.8 Summary .............................................................................................................................16-20 1564_FM Page xvi Thursday, September 12, 2002 12:19 PM8 Phase Locked Loop Design Robert Newgard 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................8-1 8.2 Roles and Attributes of Phase Locked Loops .........................................................................8-2 8.3 Transfer Function of the Basic PLL ........................................................................................8-3 8.4 Stability ....................................................................................................................................8-5 8.5 Type and Order .......................................................................................................................8-5 8.6 Phase Noise ............................................................................................................................8-12 8.7 Phase Detector Design ..........................................................................................................8-16 8.8 Loop Filter Design .................................................................................................................8-19 8.9 Transient Response ...............................................................................................................8-24 8.10 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................8-25 9 Filters and Multiplexers Richard V. Snyder 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................9-1 9.2 Analysis and Synthesis ............................................................................................................9-2 9.3 Types of Transfer Function ....................................................................................................9-3 9.4 Approximations to Transfer Functions .................................................................................9-4 9.5 Element Types and Properties ................................................................................................9-8 9.6 Filter Implementations .........................................................................................................9-10 9.7 Simulation and Synthesis Software ......................................................................................9-12 9.8 Linear Simulators ..................................................................................................................9-13 9.9 Electromagnetic (E-M) Simulators ......................................................................................9-13 9.10 Synthesis Software .................................................................................................................9-13 9.11 Active Filters ..........................................................................................................................9-13 10 RF Switches Robert Trew 10.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................10-1 10.2 PIN Diode Switches ..............................................................................................................10-2 10.3 MESFET Switches .................................................................................................................10-4 10.4 Switching Circuits .................................................................................................................10-6 10.5 Insertion Loss and Isolation .................................................................................................10-7 10.6 Switch Design ........................................................................................................................10-8 11 RF Package Design and Development Jeanne S. Pavio 11.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................11-1 11.2 Thermal Management ..........................................................................................................11-2 11.3 Mechanical Design ................................................................................................................11-4 11.4 Package Electrical and Electromagnetic Modeling ..............................................................11-6 11.5 Design Verification, Materials, and Reliability Testing .......................................................11-6 11.6 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing ..................................................................................11-8 11.7 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................11-8 1564_FM Page xv Thursday, September 12, 2002 12:19 PM 4 Microwave Mixer Design Anthony M. Pavio 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4- 1 4.2 Single-Diode Mixers ............................................................................................................... 4- 2 4.3 Single-Balanced Mixers ........................................................................................................... 4- 3 4.4 Double-Balanced Mixers ........................................................................................................ 4- 4 4.5 FET Mixer Theory ................................................................................................................... 4- 6 5 Modulation and Demodulation Circuitry Charles Nelson 5.1 Some Fundamentals: Why Modulate? ................................................................................... 5- 1 5.2 How to Shift Frequency .......................................................................................................... 5- 2 5.3 Analog Multipliers, or “Mixers” ............................................................................................. 5- 3 5.4 Synchronous Detection of Suppressed Carrier Signals ......................................................... 5- 5 5.5 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier ....................................................................................... 5- 6 5.6 Amplitude Modulation as Double Sideband with Carrier ................................................... 5- 7 5.7 Modulation Efficiency ............................................................................................................ 5- 8 5.8 The Envelope Detector ........................................................................................................... 5- 9 5.9 Envelope Detection of SSB Using Injected Carrier .............................................................5-11 5.10 Direct vs. Indirect Means of Generating FM .......................................................................5-12 5.11 Quick-and-Dirty FM Slope Detection .................................................................................5-14 5.12 Lower Distortion FM Detection ...........................................................................................5-15 5.13 Digital Means of Modulation ...............................................................................................5-16 5.14 Correlation Detection ...........................................................................................................5-18 5.15 Digital QAM ..........................................................................................................................5-19 6 Power Amplifier Circuits Mark Bloom 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................6-1 6.2 Design Analysis ........................................................................................................................6-1 6.3 Typical PA Specification Parameters .....................................................................................6-2 6.4 Basic Power Amplifier Concept .............................................................................................6-3 6.5 Analysis of the Specification ...................................................................................................6-5 6.6 Topology.................................................................................................................................. 6-9 6.7 Choice of Active Device Technology ................................................................................... 6-12 7 Oscillator Circuits Alfy Riddle 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................7-1 7.2 Specifications ...........................................................................................................................7-1 7.3 Technologies and Capabilities ................................................................................................7-5 7.4 Theory ......................................................................................................................................7-9 7.5 Summary ...............................................................................................................................7-15 1564_FM Page xiv Thursday, September 12, 2002 12:19 PM1 Receivers Warren L. Seely 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1- 1 1.2 Frequency ................................................................................................................................ 1- 1 1.3 Dynamic Range ....................................................................................................................... 1- 2 1.4 The LO Chain ........................................................................................................................ 1- 10 1.5 The Potential for Trouble ..................................................................................................... 1- 11 1.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1- 13 2 Transmitters Warren L. Seely 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2- 1 2.2 ACP, Modulation, Linearity, and Power ............................................................................... 2- 2 2.3 Power ....................................................................................................................................... 2- 2 2.4 Linearization ............................................................................................................................ 2- 3 2.5 Efficiency ................................................................................................................................. 2- 3 2.6 The I-Q Modulator ................................................................................................................. 2- 3 2.7 Class A Amplifier in Back Off ................................................................................................. 2- 3 2.8 Feed Forward ........................................................................................................................... 2- 4 2.9 Cartesian and Polar Loops ...................................................................................................... 2- 5 2.10 Fixed Predistortion ................................................................................................................. 2- 6 2.11 Adaptive Predistortion ............................................................................................................ 2- 6 2.12 Envelope Elimination and Recovery (EER) ........................................................................... 2- 7 2.13 Linear Amplification Using Nonlinear Components (LINC) .............................................. 2- 7 2.14 Combined Analog Locked-Loop Universal Modulation (CALLUM) ................................. 2- 8 2.15 I-V Trajectory Modification ................................................................................................... 2- 8 2.16 Dougherty Amplification ........................................................................................................ 2- 9 2.17 Device Tailoring ...................................................................................................................... 2- 9 2.18 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 2- 10 3 Low Noise Amplifier Design Jakub Kucera and Urs Lott 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3- 1 3.2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 3- 1 3.3 Design Theory ......................................................................................................................... 3- 7 3.4 Practical Design of a Low Noise Amplifier ............................................................................ 3- 9 3.5 Design Examples ................................................................................................................... 3- 12 3.6 Future Trends ........................................................................................................................ 3- 24 1564_FM Page xiii Thursday, September 12,