Addison.Wesley.C++.by.Dissection.2002.pdf下载

1 Writing an ANSI C++ Program 1 1.1 Getting Ready to Program....... 2 1.1 A First Program......... 3 1.2 Problem Solving: Recipes....... . 7 1.2.1 Algorithms—Being Precise...... . . 8 1.3 Implementing Our Algorithm in C++.... . . . 10 1.4 Software Engineering: Style...... . . 12 1.5 Common Programming Errors...... 13 1.6 Writing and Running a C++ Program.... . . . 14 1.6.1 Interrupting a Program...... 16 1.6.2 Typing an End-of-File Signal..... 16 1.7 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . . 16 1.8 C++ Compared with Java....... 17 Summary.......... 20 Review Questions........ . 21 Exercises.......... 22 2 Native Types and Statements 25 2.1 Program Elements........ . 26 2.1.1 Comments........ . 26 2.1.2 Keywords........ . . 27 2.1.3 Identifiers........ . . 27 2.1.4 Literals......... 29 2.1.5 Operators and Punctuators..... . 31 2.2 Input/Output......... . 31 2.3 Program Structure........ . 34 2.3.1 Redirection........ . 36 2.4 Simple Types......... . 37 2.4.1 Initialization........ 39 2.5 The Traditional Conversions...... . 40 2.6 Enumeration Types........ 43 2.6.1 typedef Declarations...... . 44 2.7 Expressions.......... . 44 2.7.1 Precedence and Associativity of Operators.. . 45 2.7.2 Relational, Equality, and Logical Operators.. . 47 2.8 Statements......... . . 50 2.8.1 Assignment and Expressions..... . . . 51 2.8.2 The Compound Statement...... . 52 2.8.3 The if and if-else Statements.... . 52 2.8.4 The while Statement...... . 55 2.8.5 The for Statement...... . . . 56 2.8.6 The do Statement....... 57 2.8.7 The break and continue Statements... . 58 2.8.8 The switch Statement...... 59 2.8.9 The goto Statement...... . . 62 2.9 Software Engineering: Debugging..... . 62 2.10 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . . 65 2.11 C++ Compared with Java....... 67 Summary.......... 69 Review Questions........ . 70 Exercises.......... 71 3 Functions, Pointers, and Arrays 75 3.1 Functions......... . . . 75 3.2 Function Invocation........ 76 3.3 Function Definition........ 78 3.4 The return Statement........ . 79 3.5 Function Prototypes........ . . . 80 3.6 Call-By-Value......... . 81 3.7 Recursion......... . . . 83 3.8 Default Arguments........ 84 3.9 Functions as Arguments....... 86 3.10 Overloading Functions........ . 88 3.11 Inlining.......... . 89 3.11.1Software Engineering: Avoiding Macros... 89 3.12 Scope and Storage Class....... 90 3.12.1The Storage Class auto...... . . . 92 3.12.2The Storage Class extern..... . . 92 3.12.3The Storage Class register..... 93 3.12.4The Storage Class static..... . . 94 3.12.5Header Files and Linkage Mysteries... . . . 95 3.13 Namespaces......... . 98 3.14 Pointer Types......... 99 3.14.1Addressing and Dereferencing.... . 100 3.14.2Pointer-Based Call-By-Reference..... 100 3.15 Reference Declarations....... 102 3.16 The Uses of void......... 104 3.17 Arrays.......... . 105 3.17.1Subscripting....... . . . 106 3.17.2 Initialization....... . . . 106 3.18 Arrays and Pointers....... . . . 106 3.19 Passing Arrays to Functions....... 107 3.20 Problem Solving: Random Numbers.... . . . 108 3.21 Software Engineering: Structured Programming.. . . 111 3.22 Core Language ADT: char* String..... 114 3.23 Multidimensional Arrays...... . . . 117 3.24 Operators new and delete...... . 120 3.24.1 Vector Instead of Array..... . . . 123 3.24.2 String Instead of char*..... . . . 124 3.25 Software Engineering: Program Correctness.... 124 3.26 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 127 3.27 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 128 Summary......... . . . 130 Review Questions........ 132 Exercises......... . . . 133 4 Classes and Abstract Data Types 139 4.1 The Aggregate Type class and struct.... . . . 140 4.2 Member Selection Operator...... . 141 4.3 Member Functions........ . . . 143 4.4 Access: Private and Public...... . . 146 4.5 Classes.......... 147 4.6 Class Scope......... . 150 4.6.1 Scope Resolution Operator..... 150 4.6.2 Nested Classes....... . 152 4.7 An Example: Flushing....... . 153 4.8 The this Pointer........ . 158 4.9 static Members......... 159 4.10 const Members......... . 161 4.10.1Mutable Members...... . . . 163 4.11 A Container Class Example: ch_stack..... 164 4.12 Software Engineering: Class Design.... . . . 166 4.12.1Trade-Offs in Design...... . 168 4.12.2Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Design. . . 169 4.13 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 170 4.14 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 171 4.15 Advanced Topics........ . 172 4.15.1Pointer to Class Member..... . . 172 4.15.2Unions........ . . . 174 4.15.3Bit Fields........ . . 175 Summary......... . . . 177 Review Questions........ 178 Exercises......... . . . 179 5 Ctors, Dtors, Conversions, and Operator Overloading 183 5.1 Classes with Constructors...... . . 184 5.1.1 The Default Constructor..... . . 186 5.1.2 Constructor Initializer...... 187 5.1.3 Constructors as Conversions..... . . 187 5.1.4 Improving the point Class..... 189 5.1.5 Constructing a Stack...... . 190 5.1.6 The Copy Constructor...... 193 5.2 Classes with Destructors...... . . . 195 5.3 Members That Are Class Types..... . . 195 5.4 Example: A Singly Linked List..... . . . 196 5.5 Strings Using Reference Semantics.... . . . 201 5.6 Constructor Issues and Mysteries..... 204 5.6.1 Destructor Details...... . . . 205 5.6.2 Constructor Pragmatics...... . . 206 5.7 Polymorphism Using Function Overloading... . 206 5.8 ADT Conversions......... 207 5.9 Overloading and Signature Matching.... . . 208 5.10 Friend Functions........ . 211 5.11 Overloading Operators....... 213 5.12 Unary Operator Overloading...... 214 5.13 Binary Operator Overloading...... 217 5.14 Overloading the Assignment Operator.... . 219 5.15 Overloading the Subscript Operator..... . . 220 5.16 Overloading Operator () for Indexing.... 221 5.17 Overloading << and >>....... 222 5.18 Overloading ->........ . . 223 5.19 Overloading new and delete...... . . . 224 5.20 More Signature Matching....... . . 227 5.21 Software Engineering: When to Use Overloading.. . 228 5.22 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 229 5.23 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 231 Summary......... . . . 235 Review Questions........ 236 Exercises......... . . . 237 6 Templates and Generic Programming 243 6.1 Template Class stack....... . 246 6.2 Function Templates....... . . . 248 6.2.1 Signature Matching and Overloading.... 250 6.2.2 How to Write a Simple Function: square().. . . . 252 6.3 Generic Code Development: Quicksort..... 253 6.3.1 Converting to a Generic quicksort()... . . . 256 6.4 Class Templates........ . 260 6.4.1 Friends........ . . . 260 6.4.2 Static Members....... . 260 6.4.3 Class Template Arguments..... 261 6.4.4 Default Template Arguments..... . . 261 6.4.5 Member Templates...... . . 262 6.5 Parameterizing the Class vector...... 262 6.6 Using STL: string, vector, and complex... . . 265 6.6.1 string and basic_string<>.... . . . 265 6.6.2 vector<> in STL....... 267 6.6.3 Using complex<>...... . . . 267 6.6.4 limits and Other Useful Templates.... . . 268 6.7 Software Engineering: Reuse and Generics.... . 269 6.7.1 Debugging Template Code..... 269 6.7.2 Special Considerations..... . . . 270 6.7.3 Using typename....... 271 6.8 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 272 6.9 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 272 Summary......... . . . 276 Review Questions........ 277 Exercises......... . . . 278 7 Standard Template Library 280 7.1 A Simple STL Example....... . 280 7.2 Containers.......... . 283 7.2.1 Sequence Containers....... 285 7.2.2 Associative Containers..... . . . 288 7.2.3 Container Adaptors...... . . 293 7.3 Iterators......... . . . 296 7.3.1 Iterators for istream and ostream... . . . 297 7.3.2 Iterator Adaptors....... . . . 300 7.4 Algorithms......... . 302 7.4.1 Sorting Algorithms...... . . 302 7.4.2 Nonmutating Sequence Algorithms... . . 305 7.4.3 Mutating Sequence Algorithms.... . 307 7.4.4 Numerical Algorithms...... 310 7.5 Numerical Integration Made Easy..... . 311 7.6 STL: Function Objects....... . 315 7.6.1 Building a Function Object..... 317 7.6.2 Function Adaptors....... . . 318 7.7 Allocators......... . . 320 7.8 Software Engineering: STL Use...... . . 320 7.8.1 Syntax Bugs....... . . . 321 7.9 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 322 7.10 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 323 Summary......... . . . 324 Review Questions........ 325 Exercises......... . . . 326 8 Inheritance and OOP 328 8.1 A Derived Class........ . . 329 8.1.1 More Unified Modeling Language (UML)... . . 333 8.2 A Student ISA Person....... . . 334 8.3 Virtual Functions: Dynamic Determination... . . 337 8.3.1 Overloading and Overriding Confusion.. . . . 340 8.3.2 A Canonical Example: Class shape... . . 342 8.4 Abstract Base Classes....... . 343 8.5 Templates and Inheritance....... . 350 8.6 Multiple Inheritance........ . . 351 8.7 RTTI and Other Fine Points...... . 353 8.7.1 Finer Points........ 354 8.8 Software Engineering: Inheritance and Design.. . . . 355 8.8.1 Subtyping Form........ 356 8.8.2 Code Reuse........ . . . 357 8.9 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 358 8.10 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 358 Summary......... . . . 361 Review Questions........ 362 Exercises......... . . . 363 9 Input/Output 366 9.1 The Output Class ostream....... . 366 9.2 Formatted Output and iomanip..... . . 367 9.3 User-Defined Types: Output....... 372 9.4 The Input Class istream....... . . . 374 9.5 Files.......... . . 375 9.6 Using Strings as Streams...... . . . 379 9.7 The Functions and Macros in ctype.... . . . 380 9.8 Using Stream States........ . . 380 9.9 Mixing I/O Libraries........ . . 383 9.10 Software Engineering: I/O...... . . 384 9.11 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 386 9.12 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 386 Summary......... . . . 389 Review Questions........ 390 Exercises......... . . . 391 10Exceptions and Program Correctness 394 10.1 Using the assert Library....... . . . 394 10.2 C++ Exceptions........ . . 397 10.3 Throwing Exceptions....... . . 398 10.3.1Rethrown Exceptions....... 400 10.3.2Exception Expressions..... . . . 401 10.4 try Blocks.......... . 404 10.5 Handlers......... . . . 405 10.6 Converting Assertions to Exceptions.... . . 405 10.7 Exception Specification....... 408 10.8 terminate() and unexpected()..... 409 10.9 Standard Exceptions and Their Uses.... . . 409 10.10 Software Engineering: Exception Objects... . . . 411 10.11 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 413 10.12 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 414 Summary......... . . . 417 Review Questions........ 418 Exercises......... . . . 419 11OOP Using C++ 421 11.1 OOP Language Requirements...... . . . 422 11.1.1ADTs: Encapsulation and Data Hiding... 423 11.1.2Reuse and Inheritance...... 423 11.1.3Polymorphism........ . 424 11.2 OOP: The Dominant Programming Methodology.. . 425 11.3 Designing with OOP in Mind...... 432 11.4 Class-Responsibility-Collaborator...... 434 11.4.1CRC Cards......... 435 11.5 Design Patterns........ . . 436 11.6 A Further Assessment of C++..... . . . 437 11.6.1Why C++ Is Better Than Java.... . . . 438 11.6.2A Short Rebuttal....... 439 11.7 Software Engineering: Last Thoughts.... . . 439 11.8 Dr. P’s Prescriptions....... . . 440 11.9 C++ Compared with Java...... . . . 441 Summary......... . . . 447 Review Questions........ 448 Exercises......... . . . 449 AASCII Character Codes 451 B Operator Precedence and Associativity 453 C String Library 455 C.1 Constructors......... 456 C.2 Member Functions........ . . . 457 C.3 Global Operators........ . 460 DThe tio Library 462 D.1 Console.......... . . . 462 D.2 FormattedWriter........ . 463 D.3 PrintFileWriter........ . . . 472 D.4 ReadException......... . . 472 D.5 ReadInput......... . . 473 Index 482