指南：Solaris的链接程序与库使用

《多线程编程指南》介绍了SolarisTM操(SolarisOperatingSystem,SolarisOS中 POSIX®线程和Solaris线程的多线程编程接口。本指南将指导应用程序程序员如何创建新的多线程程序以及如何向现有的程序中添加多线程。尽管本指南同时介绍POSIX线程接口和Solaris线程接口，但大多数主题都以POSIX线程为重点。仅适用Solaris线程的信息将专门在一章中介绍。 目录 前言........................................................................................................................................................11 1 多线程基础介绍 ..................................................................................................................................15 定义多线程术语 ................................................................................................................................. 15 符合多线程标准 ................................................................................................................................. 16 多线程的益处 ..................................................................................................................................... 17 提高应用程序的响应................................................................................................................. 17 有效使用多处理器 ..................................................................................................................... 17 改进程序结构 .............................................................................................................................. 17 占用较少的系统资源................................................................................................................. 17 结合线程和RPC（远程过程调用） ...................................................................................... 18 多线程概念.......................................................................................................................................... 18 并发性和并行性 ......................................................................................................................... 18 多线程结构一览 ......................................................................................................................... 18 线程调度 ...................................................................................................................................... 19 线程取消 ...................................................................................................................................... 19 线程同步 ...................................................................................................................................... 20 使用64位体系结构 ........................................................................................................................... 20 2 基本线程编程 ......................................................................................................................................23 线程库 .................................................................................................................................................. 23 创建缺省线程 .............................................................................................................................. 23 等待线程终止 .............................................................................................................................. 25 简单线程的示例 ......................................................................................................................... 26 分离线程 ...................................................................................................................................... 28 为线程特定数据创建键 ............................................................................................................ 29 删除线程特定数据键................................................................................................................. 30 3 设置线程特定数据 ..................................................................................................................... 31 获取线程特定数据 ..................................................................................................................... 32 获取线程标识符 ......................................................................................................................... 36 比较线程ID ................................................................................................................................. 36 初始化线程 .................................................................................................................................. 37 停止执行线程 .............................................................................................................................. 38 设置线程的优先级 ..................................................................................................................... 38 获取线程的优先级 ..................................................................................................................... 39 向线程发送信号 ......................................................................................................................... 40 访问调用线程的信号掩码 ........................................................................................................ 41 安全地Fork .................................................................................................................................. 42 终止线程 ...................................................................................................................................... 42 结束 ............................................................................................................................................... 43 取消线程 ...................................................................................................................................... 43 取消线程 ...................................................................................................................................... 45 启用或禁用取消功能................................................................................................................. 45 设置取消类型 .............................................................................................................................. 46 创建取消点 .................................................................................................................................. 47 将处理程序推送到栈上 ............................................................................................................ 48 从栈中弹出处理程序................................................................................................................. 48 3 线程属性 ...............................................................................................................................................51 属性对象 .............................................................................................................................................. 51 初始化属性 .................................................................................................................................. 52 销毁属性 ...................................................................................................................................... 53 设置分离状态 .............................................................................................................................. 54 获取分离状态 .............................................................................................................................. 55 设置栈溢出保护区大小 ............................................................................................................ 56 获取栈溢出保护区大小 ............................................................................................................ 57 设置范围 ...................................................................................................................................... 58 获取范围 ...................................................................................................................................... 59 设置线程并行级别 ..................................................................................................................... 60 获取线程并行级别 ..................................................................................................................... 60 设置调度策略 .............................................................................................................................. 61 获取调度策略 .............................................................................................................................. 62 目录 多线程编程指南 • 2006年10月 4 设置继承的调度策略................................................................................................................. 63 获取继承的调度策略................................................................................................................. 64 设置调度参数 .............................................................................................................................. 64 获取调度参数 .............................................................................................................................. 65 设置栈大小 .................................................................................................................................. 67 获取栈大小 .................................................................................................................................. 68 关于栈 ........................................................................................................................................... 69 设置栈地址和大小 ..................................................................................................................... 71 获取栈地址和大小 ..................................................................................................................... 73 4 用同步对象编程 ..................................................................................................................................75 互斥锁属性.......................................................................................................................................... 76 初始化互斥锁属性对象 ............................................................................................................ 77 销毁互斥锁属性对象................................................................................................................. 78 设置互斥锁的范围 ..................................................................................................................... 79 获取互斥锁的范围 ..................................................................................................................... 80 设置互斥锁类型的属性 ............................................................................................................ 80 获取互斥锁的类型属性 ............................................................................................................ 82 设置互斥锁属性的协议 ............................................................................................................ 82 获取互斥锁属性的协议 ............................................................................................................ 84 设置互斥锁属性的优先级上限 ............................................................................................... 85 获取互斥锁属性的优先级上限 ............................................................................................... 86 设置互斥锁的优先级上限 ........................................................................................................ 87 获取互斥锁的优先级上限 ........................................................................................................ 88 设置互斥锁的强健属性 ............................................................................................................ 89 获取互斥锁的强健属性 ............................................................................................................ 90 使用互斥锁.......................................................................................................................................... 91 初始化互斥锁 .............................................................................................................................. 92 使互斥保持一致 ......................................................................................................................... 93 锁定互斥锁 .................................................................................................................................. 94 解除锁定互斥锁 ......................................................................................................................... 96 使用非阻塞互斥锁锁定 ............................................................................................................ 97 销毁互斥锁 .................................................................................................................................. 98 互斥锁定的代码示例................................................................................................................. 99 条件变量属性 ...................................................................................................................................105 目录 5 初始化条件变量属性...............................................................................................................106 删除条件变量属性 ...................................................................................................................106 设置条件变量的范围...............................................................................................................107 获取条件变量的范围...............................................................................................................108 使用条件变量 ...................................................................................................................................109 初始化条件变量 .......................................................................................................................109 基于条件变量阻塞 ...................................................................................................................111 解除阻塞一个线程 ...................................................................................................................112 在指定的时间之前阻塞 ..........................................................................................................114 在指定的时间间隔内阻塞 ......................................................................................................116 解除阻塞所有线程 ...................................................................................................................117 销毁条件变量状态 ...................................................................................................................119 唤醒丢失问题 ............................................................................................................................120 生成方和使用者问题...............................................................................................................120 使用信号进行同步 ..........................................................................................................................124 命名信号和未命名信号 ..........................................................................................................125 计数信号量概述 .......................................................................................................................125 初始化信号 ................................................................................................................................126 增加信号 ....................................................................................................................................128 基于信号计数进行阻塞 ..........................................................................................................129 减小信号计数 ............................................................................................................................129 销毁信号状态 ............................................................................................................................130 使用信号时的生成方和使用者问题 ....................................................................................131 读写锁属性........................................................................................................................................133 初始化读写锁属性 ...................................................................................................................134 销毁读写锁属性 .......................................................................................................................134 设置读写锁属性 .......................................................................................................................135 获取读写锁属性 .......................................................................................................................136 使用读写锁........................................................................................................................................136 初始化读写锁 ............................................................................................................................137 获取读写锁中的读锁...............................................................................................................138 读取非阻塞读写锁中的锁 ......................................................................................................139 写入读写锁中的锁 ...................................................................................................................139 写入非阻塞读写锁中的锁 ......................................................................................................140 解除锁定读写锁 .......................................................................................................................140 销毁读写锁 ................................................................................................................................141 目录 多线程编程指南 • 2006年10月 6 跨进程边界同步 ...............................................................................................................................142 生成方和使用者问题示例 ......................................................................................................142 比较元语 ............................................................................................................................................145 5 使用Solaris软件编程 ......................................................................................................................147 进程创建中的fork问题 .................................................................................................................147 Fork-One模型 ...........................................................................................................................148 Fork-all模型 ..............................................................................................................................151 选择正确的Fork .......................................................................................................................151 进程创建：exec和exit问题 .......................................................................................................152 计时器、报警与剖析 ......................................................................................................................152 每LWPPOSIX计时器 .............................................................................................................152 每线程报警 ................................................................................................................................153 剖析多线程程序 .......................................................................................................................153 非本地转向：setjmp和longjmp ..................................................................................................154 资源限制 ............................................................................................................................................154 LWP和调度类 ..................................................................................................................................154 分时调度 ....................................................................................................................................155 实时调度 ....................................................................................................................................155 公平共享调度程序 ...................................................................................................................155 固定优先级调度 .......................................................................................................................156 扩展传统信号 ...................................................................................................................................156 同步信号 ....................................................................................................................................157 异步信号 ....................................................................................................................................157 延续语义 ....................................................................................................................................157 对信号执行的操作 ...................................................................................................................158 定向于线程的信号 ...................................................................................................................160 完成语义 ....................................................................................................................................162 信号处理程序和异步信号安全 .............................................................................................163 中断对条件变量的等待 ..........................................................................................................165 I/O问题 ..............................................................................................................................................166 I/O作为远程过程调用 ............................................................................................................167 人为的异步性 ............................................................................................................................167 异步I/O ......................................................................................................................................167 共享的I/O和新的I/O系统调用 ..........................................................................................169 目录 7 getc和putc的替代项 .............................................................................................................169 6 安全和不安全的接口 ...................................................................................................................... 171 线程安全 ............................................................................................................................................171 MT接口安全级别 ............................................................................................................................173 不安全接口的可重复执行函数 .............................................................................................174 异步信号安全函数 ..........................................................................................................................175 库的MT安全级别 ...........................................................................................................................175 不安全库 ....................................................................................................................................176 7 编译和调试........................................................................................................................................ 177 编译多线程应用程序 ......................................................................................................................177 为编译做准备 ............................................................................................................................177 选择Solaris语义或POSIX语义 ............................................................................................178 包括或 ..........................................................................................178 定义_REENTRANT或_POSIX_C_SOURCE ..................................................................................179 使用libthread或libpthread链接 .....................................................................................179 与POSIX信号的-lrt链接 ....................................................................................................181 将原有模块与新模块链接 ......................................................................................................181 备用线程库........................................................................................................................................181 调试多线程程序 ...............................................................................................................................181 多线程程序中常见的疏忽性问题.........................................................................................181 使用TNF实用程序跟踪和调试 ............................................................................................182 使用truss ..................................................................................................................................182 使用mdb ......................................................................................................................................182 使用dbx ......................................................................................................................................183 8 Solaris线程编程 ................................................................................................................................185 比较Solaris线程和POSIX线程的API .......................................................................................185 API的主要差异 ........................................................................................................................185 函数比较表 ................................................................................................................................186 Solaris线程的独有函数 ..................................................................................................................189 暂停执行线程 ............................................................................................................................190 继续执行暂停的线程...............................................................................................................191 目录 多线程编程指南 • 2006年10月 8 相似的同步函数－读写锁 .............................................................................................................192 初始化读写锁 ............................................................................................................................192 获取读锁 ....................................................................................................................................194 尝试获取读锁 ............................................................................................................................194 获取写锁 ....................................................................................................................................195 尝试获取写锁 ............................................................................................................................196 解除锁定读写锁 .......................................................................................................................196 销毁读写锁的状态 ...................................................................................................................197 相似的Solaris线程函数 .................................................................................................................199 创建线程 ....................................................................................................................................199 获取最小栈大小 .......................................................................................................................201 获取线程标识符 .......................................................................................................................202 停止执行线程 ............................................................................................................................202 向线程发送信号 .......................................................................................................................203 访问调用线程的信号掩码 ......................................................................................................203 终止线程 ....................................................................................................................................204 等待线程终止 ............................................................................................................................204 创建线程特定的数据键 ..........................................................................................................206 设置线程特定的数据值 ..........................................................................................................207 获取线程特定的数据值 ..........................................................................................................208 设置线程的优先级 ...................................................................................................................208 获取线程的优先级 ...................................................................................................................210 相似的同步函数－互斥锁 .............................................................................................................210 初始化互斥锁 ............................................................................................................................210 销毁互斥锁 ................................................................................................................................213 获取互斥锁 ................................................................................................................................213 释放互斥锁 ................................................................................................................................214 尝试获取互斥锁 .......................................................................................................................214 相似的同步函数：条件变量 .........................................................................................................215 初始化条件变量 .......................................................................................................................215 销毁条件变量 ............................................................................................................................216 等待条件 ....................................................................................................................................217 等待绝对时间 ............................................................................................................................218 等待时间间隔 ............................................................................................................................218 解除阻塞一个线程 ...................................................................................................................219 解除阻塞所有线程 ...................................................................................................................220 目录 9 相似的同步函数：信号..................................................................................................................220 初始化信号 ................................................................................................................................220 增加信号 ....................................................................................................................................222 基于信号计数阻塞 ...................................................................................................................222 减小信号计数 ............................................................................................................................223 销毁信号状态 ............................................................................................................................224 跨进程边界同步 ...............................................................................................................................224 生成方和使用者问题示例 ......................................................................................................224 fork()和Solaris线程的特殊问题................................................................................................227 9 编程原则 ............................................................................................................................................ 229 重新考虑全局变量 ..........................................................................................................................229 提供静态局部变量 ..........................................................................................................................230 同步线程 ............................................................................................................................................231 单线程策略 ................................................................................................................................232 可重复执行函数 .......................................................................................................................232 避免死锁 ............................................................................................................................................234 与调用相关的死锁 ...................................................................................................................235 锁定原则 ....................................................................................................................................235 线程代码的一些基本原则 .............................................................................................................236 创建和使用线程 ...............................................................................................................................236 使用多处理器 ...................................................................................................................................237 基础体系结构 ............................................................................................................................237 线程程序示例 ...................................................................................................................................241 需要进一步阅读的内容 ..........................................................................................................241 A 样例应用程序：多线程grep .........................................................................................................243 tgrep的说明 .....................................................................................................................................243 B Solaris线程示例：barrier.c........................................................................................................301