Auerbach.Publications.Software.Requirements.eBook-LinG下载

Contents Preface ................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgments .............................................................................. xv 1 Overview .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Why Freedom?........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Freedom Methodology Overview............................................................. 3 1.3 Methodology Benefits of Freedom............................................................ 4 1.4 Economic Benefits of Freedom................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Development Benefits ................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Maintenance Benefits .................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Total Economic Benefits................................................................ 7 References.......................................................................................................... 7 2 Infor mation-Hiding Secr ets ........................................................... 9 2.1 Chapter Overview..................................................................................... 9 2.2 Information-Hiding Concepts.................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Encapsulation................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Information-Hiding ...................................................................... 10 2.3 Contrast with Traditional Design ............................................................ 12 2.4 Contrast with Current OO Practice........................................................ 13 References........................................................................................................ 17 3 What Ar e Requir ements? ............................................................. 19 3.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................... 19 3.2 Definition of Requirements..................................................................... 20 3.3 Definition of Design................................................................................ 22 3.4 Definition of Implementation ................................................................. 23 3.5 Design and Implementation Constraints ................................................ 24 References........................................................................................................ 25 vi  Contents 4 Freedom Requir ements Pr ocess ................................................. 27 4.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................... 27 4.2 Enterprise Process Models ...................................................................... 28 4.3 Bounding the Black Box ......................................................................... 28 4.4 Context Diagrams.................................................................................... 29 4.5 Requirements Process ............................................................................. 31 4.6 Example Problem Enterprise Process Model.......................................... 34 4.7 Example Problem Black Box Bounding.................................................. 37 4.8 Example Problem Context Diagram ....................................................... 40 References........................................................................................................ 42 5 Quality Requir ements .................................................................. 43 5.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................... 43 5.2 Types of Requirements ........................................................................... 43 5.3 Measuring Software Quality .................................................................... 45 5.4 Where’s the Developer? .......................................................................... 47 5.5 ‘ility Mapping .......................................................................................... 48 5.6 Example Problem Quality Requirements................................................ 48 5.6.1 Functionality ................................................................................ 48 5.6.2 Reliability ..................................................................................... 50 5.6.3 Usability ....................................................................................... 51 5.6.4 Administerability.......................................................................... 51 5.6.5 Maintainability ............................................................................. 51 5.6.6 Execution Speed.......................................................................... 52 5.6.7 Storage Demand .......................................................................... 52 References........................................................................................................ 53 6 Stimulus Identifi cation and Cohesion ........................................ 55 6.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................... 55 6.2 What Is a Stimulus? ................................................................................. 56 6.2.1 Types of Stimuli........................................................................... 56 6.2.2 Sources of Stimuli........................................................................ 57 6.3 Stimulus Sets............................................................................................ 59 6.3.1 Example Human User Stimulus Set............................................. 60 6.3.2 Example External-System Stimulus Set ....................................... 62 6.3.3 Source-Neutral Stimulus Set Recording....................................... 62 6.4 Functionality Screens .............................................................................. 63 6.5 Programmatic Protocols .......................................................................... 65 6.5.1 Command-Data Streams............................................................... 65 Step 1: Group Command Stimuli by Level................................. 67 Step 2: Group Data Stimuli by Command.................................. 67 6.5.2 XML Streams................................................................................ 68 Step 1: Group Command Stimuli by Level................................. 69 Step 2: Group Data Stimuli by Command.................................. 70 Contents  vii 6.6 Example Problem Functionality Screen.................................................. 70 6.7 Example Problem Programmatic Protocol.............................................. 72 References........................................................................................................ 75 7 Stimulus Or ganization and Ar chitectur e.................................... 77 7.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................... 77 7.2 Stimulus Set Architecture ........................................................................ 77 7.3 New Stimulus Response.......................................................................... 78 7.4 Functionality Trees .................................................................................. 79 7.5 Sample Functionality Tree ....................................................................... 79 7.6 Example Problem: Programmatic Interface Functionality Tree .............. 82 Step 1 ...................................................................................................... 83 Step 2 ...................................................................................................... 83 Step 3 ...................................................................................................... 83 7.7 Example Problem: Reverse Engineering the External Interface Architecture.............................................................................. 84 7.8 Example Problem Functionality Tree...................................................... 85 7.9 Alternate Kickoff Approaches ................................................................. 91 7.10 Functionality Tree Neutrality................................................................... 92 References........................................................................................................ 93 8 Reusable Requir ements ................................................................ 95 8.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................... 95 8.2 Repetitive and Reusable Stimulus Sets ................................................... 95 8.3 Reusable Requirements Components ..................................................... 98 8.4 Example Reusable Requirements Component ....................................... 99 8.5 Example Problem Reusable Requirements........................................... 101 References...................................................................................................... 103 9 Incr emental Development ......................................................... 105 9.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................. 105 9.2 Requirements Prioritization .................................................................. 106 Step 1. Prioritize Lowest-Level Stimuli................................................. 106 Step 2. Prioritize Upper-Level Stimuli.................................................. 107 9.3 Example Problem Requirements Priorities........................................... 108 10 Responses and Behavior T ables ................................................ 111 10.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................. 111 10.2 Types of Responses............................................................................... 111 10.2.1 Response Visibility ..................................................................... 112 10.2.2 Response Desirability ................................................................ 113 10.2.3 Response Prescriptiveness ........................................................ 114 10.2.4 Response Classification ............................................................. 114 viii  Contents 10.3 Behavior Tables...................................................................................... 115 10.3.1 Behavior Table Rule and Format ............................................... 116 10.3.2 Behavior Table Columns............................................................ 117 10.3.3 Behavior Table Rows ................................................................. 118 10.3.4 Behavior Table Generic Example .............................................. 118 10.3.5 Behavior Table Benefits and Costs ............................................ 118 10.4 Response Recording Languages............................................................ 121 10.5 Response Recording Syntax.................................................................. 122 10.5.1 Declaration Statements.............................................................. 123 10.5.2 Sequence Statement .................................................................. 125 10.5.3 Selection Statement ................................................................... 126 10.5.4 Repetition Statement ................................................................. 127 10.6 Example Problem Behavior Tables........................................................ 127 10.6.1 Example Problem Human Interface Behavior Tables................ 128 10.6.2 Behavior Specification in Reality............................................... 139 References...................................................................................................... 143 11 Requir ements Encapsulation Design ........................................ 145 11.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................. 145 11.2 Requirements Encapsulation Design Rule ............................................ 146 11.3 Canonical Design Architecture.............................................................. 148 11.4 Example Problem Functionality Module Architecture.......................... 151 12 Requir ements Encapsulation ..................................................... 155 12.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................. 155 12.2 Functionality Modules........................................................................... 156 12.3 Common Service Modules .................................................................... 157 12.4 Functionality Module Structure ............................................................ 158 12.4.1 Functionality Module Declaration ........................................... 159 12.4.2 Functionality Module Stimulus Methods................................. 159 12.4.3 Functionality Module Response Methods ............................... 162 12.4.4 Functionality Module Access Methods.................................... 162 12.4.5 Functionality Module Hidden Information ............................. 163 12.4.6 Functionality Module External Interface................................. 163 12.5 Example Problem Functionality Module .............................................. 164 13 Inter face Pr ototyping ................................................................. 169 13.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................. 169 13.2 Purpose of Prototypes........................................................................... 169 13.2.1 Clarify Requirements ............................................................... 169 13.2.2 Obtain User Commitment ....................................................... 170 13.2.3 Training.................................................................................... 170 13.2.4 Demonstration ......................................................................... 171 13.2.5 Evaluate Solutions.................................................................... 171 Contents  ix 13.3 Types of Prototypes .............................................................................. 171 13.3.1 Partial Functional Simulation................................................... 172 13.3.2 Vertical Functional Simulation ................................................ 173 13.3.3 Robust Vertical Functional Simulation .................................... 174 13.3.4 External Interface Simulation.................................................. 174 13.3.5 Full Functional Simulation....................................................... 174 13.3.6 Robust Functional Simulation ................................................. 175 13.3.7 External Interface Mockup...................................................... 175 13.3.8 Full Functional Mockup .......................................................... 175 13.3.9 Release ..................................................................................... 176 13.3.10 Which To Use? ......................................................................... 176 13.4 Example Problem Interface Mockup .................................................... 177 References...................................................................................................... 197 14 Requir ements Evolution ............................................................ 199 14.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................. 199 14.2 Handling the Ripple Effect of Change.................................................. 199 14.2.1 Ripple Effect of Stimulus Change ............................................. 200 14.2.2 Ripple Effect of External Response Change ............................. 203 14.2.3 Ripple Effect of Protocol Change ............................................. 205 14.3 Requirements Change Example ............................................................ 207 Appendices A Softwar e Requir ements Specifi cation ....................................... 223 B Cost Savings Estimate Details .................................................... 227 C Glossary ....................................................................................... 235 Index .................................................................................................. 243