大骆驼”是 Perl 高级教程的昵称，目前提供免费学习

目录 第一章 Perl概述............................................................................................................................10 1.1 从头开始..........................................................................................................................10 1.2 自然语言与人工语言......................................................................................................11 1.2.1 变量语法...............................................................................................................12 1.2.2 单数变量...............................................................................................................13 1.2.3 复数变量...............................................................................................................14 1.2.4 复杂数据结构.......................................................................................................17 1.2.5 简单数据结构.......................................................................................................19 1.2.6 动词.......................................................................................................................21 1.3 一个平均值例子..............................................................................................................22 1.3.1 如何运行...............................................................................................................24 1.4 文件句柄..........................................................................................................................26 1.5 操作符..............................................................................................................................28 1.5.1 双目算术操作符...................................................................................................28 1.5.2 字符串操作符.......................................................................................................28 1.5.3 赋值操作符...........................................................................................................29 1.5.4 单目算术操作符...................................................................................................31 1.5.5 逻辑操作符...........................................................................................................32 1.5.6 比较操作符...........................................................................................................33 1.5.7 文件测试操作符...................................................................................................33 1.6 流程控制..........................................................................................................................34 1.6.1 什么是真...............................................................................................................34 1.6.2 If 和 unless 语句.................................................................................................35 1.6.3 循环.......................................................................................................................36 1.6.3.1 while 和 until 语句...................................................................................36 1.6.3.2 for 语句......................................................................................................38 1.6.3.3 foreach 语句...............................................................................................38 1.6.3.4 跳出控制结构: next 和 last .....................................................................39 1.7 正则表达式......................................................................................................................40 1.7.1 量词.......................................................................................................................43 1.7.2 最小匹配...............................................................................................................44 1.7.3 把钉子敲牢...........................................................................................................44 1.8 列表处理..........................................................................................................................46 1.9 你不知道但不伤害你的东西(很多) ...............................................................................47 第二章集腋成裘...........................................................................................................................48 2.1 原子..................................................................................................................................48 2.2 分子..................................................................................................................................49 2.3 内置的数据类型..............................................................................................................51 3 2.4 变量..................................................................................................................................52 2.5 名字..................................................................................................................................53 2.5.1 名字查找...............................................................................................................55 2.6 标量值..............................................................................................................................57 2.6.1 数字文本...............................................................................................................58 2.6.2 字串文本...............................................................................................................59 2.6.3 选择自己的引号...................................................................................................62 2.6.4 要么就完全不管引起...........................................................................................63 2.6.5 代换数组数值.......................................................................................................64 2.6.6“此处”文档.............................................................................................................65 2.6.7 V-字串文本............................................................................................................67 2.6.8 其他文本记号.......................................................................................................68 2.7 环境..................................................................................................................................69 2.7.1 标量和列表环境...................................................................................................69 2.7.2 布尔环境...............................................................................................................70 2.7.3 空（void）环境....................................................................................................71 2.7.4 代换环境...............................................................................................................71 2.8 列表值和数组..................................................................................................................72 2.8.1 列表赋值...............................................................................................................75 2.8.2 数组长度...............................................................................................................76 2.9 散列..................................................................................................................................77 2.10 型团（typeglob）和文件句柄......................................................................................79 2.11 输入操作符....................................................................................................................80 2.11.1 命令输入（反勾号）操作符.............................................................................80 2.11.2 行输入（尖角）操作符.....................................................................................81 2.11.3 文件名聚集操作符.............................................................................................84 第三章单目和双目操作符...........................................................................................................86 3.1 项和列表操作符（左向）..............................................................................................89 3.2 箭头操作符......................................................................................................................91 3.3 自增和自减操作符..........................................................................................................91 3.4 指数运算..........................................................................................................................92 3.5 表意单目操作符..............................................................................................................92 3.6 绑定操作符......................................................................................................................93 3.7 乘号操作符......................................................................................................................94 3.8 附加操作符......................................................................................................................95 3.9 移位操作符......................................................................................................................95 3.10 命名单目操作符和文件测试操作符............................................................................96 3.11 关系操作符..................................................................................................................100 3.12 相等操作符..................................................................................................................101 3.13 位操作符......................................................................................................................101 3.14 C 风格的逻辑（短路）操作符..................................................................................102 3.15 范围操作符..................................................................................................................103 3.16 条件操作符..................................................................................................................105 3.16 赋值操作符..................................................................................................................107 4 3.18 逗号操作符..................................................................................................................109 3.19 列表操作符（右向）..................................................................................................110 3.20 逻辑与，或，非和异或..............................................................................................110 3.21 Perl 里没有的 C 操作符............................................................................................ 111 第四章语句和声明..................................................................................................................... 111 4.1 简单语句.........................................................................................................................112 4.2 混合语句.........................................................................................................................113 4.2.1 if 和 else 语句...................................................................................................115 4.3 循环语句........................................................................................................................117 4.3.1 while 和 until 语句............................................................................................117 4.3.2 for循环.................................................................................................................118 4.3.3 foreach 循环........................................................................................................120 4.3.4 循环控制.............................................................................................................123 4.4 光块................................................................................................................................127 4.4.1 分支（case）结构..............................................................................................129 4.5 goto .................................................................................................................................132 4.6 全局声明........................................................................................................................132 4.7 范围声明........................................................................................................................134 4.7.1 范围变量声明.....................................................................................................135 4.7.2 词法范围的变量：my........................................................................................137 4.7.3 词法范围全局声明：our ...................................................................................138 4.7.4 动态范围变量：local .........................................................................................140 4.8 用法（pragmas） ..........................................................................................................142 4.8.1 控制警告..............................................................................................................142 4.8.2 控制全局变量的使用.........................................................................................143 第五章模式匹配.........................................................................................................................144 5.1 正则表达式箴言............................................................................................................145 5.2 模式匹配操作符............................................................................................................148 5.2.1 模式修饰词.........................................................................................................152 5.2.2 m// 操作符（匹配） ..........................................................................................155 5.2.3 s/// 操作符（替换）...........................................................................................158 5.2.3.1 顺便修改一下字串..................................................................................160 5.2.3.2 当全局替换不够“全局”地时候..............................................................162 5.2.4 tr/// 操作符（转换）..........................................................................................162 5.3.1 元字符表.............................................................................................................166 5.3.2 特定的字符.........................................................................................................170 5.3.3 通配元符号.........................................................................................................171 5.4 字符表............................................................................................................................172 5.4.1 客户化字符表.....................................................................................................172 5.4.2 典型 Perl 字符表缩写......................................................................................173 5.4.3 Unicode 属性......................................................................................................174 5.4.3.1 Perl 的 Unicode 属性.............................................................................175 5.4.3.2 标准的 Unicode 属性............................................................................176 第六章子过程.............................................................................................................................179 5 1.0 语法................................................................................................................................179 2.0 语意................................................................................................................................181 2.1 参数列表的技巧....................................................................................................182 2.2 错误指示................................................................................................................184 2.3 范围问题................................................................................................................185 3.0 传入引用........................................................................................................................187 4.0 函数原型........................................................................................................................189 4.1 内联常量函数........................................................................................................193 4.2 谨慎使用函数原型................................................................................................194 5.0 子过程属性....................................................................................................................196 5.1 Locked 和 method 属性.......................................................................................196 5.3 左值属性................................................................................................................197 第七章格式.................................................................................................................................199 7.1 格式变量.........................................................................................................................203 7.2 页脚................................................................................................................................206 7.2.1 访问格式的内部.................................................................................................206 第八章引用.................................................................................................................................208 8.1 什么是引用？................................................................................................................208 8.2 创建引用........................................................................................................................210 8.2.1 反斜杠操作符.....................................................................................................210 8.2.2 匿名数据.............................................................................................................210 8.2.2.1 匿名数组组合器......................................................................................211 8.2.2.2 匿名散列组合器......................................................................................211 8.2.2.3 匿名子过程组合器..................................................................................213 8.2.3 对象构造器.........................................................................................................213 8.2.4 句柄引用.............................................................................................................214 8.2.5 符号表引用.........................................................................................................215 8.2.6 引用的隐含创建.................................................................................................217 8.3 使用硬引用....................................................................................................................217 8.3.1 把一个变量当作变量名使用.............................................................................217 8.3.2 把一个 BLOCK 块当作变量名用...................................................................219 8.3.3 使用箭头操作符.................................................................................................219 8.3.4 使用对象方法.....................................................................................................222 8.3.5 伪散列.................................................................................................................222 8.3.6 硬引用可以用的其他技巧.................................................................................224 8.3.7 闭合（闭包）.....................................................................................................226 8.3.7.1 用闭合做函数模板..................................................................................229 8.3.7.2 嵌套的子过程..........................................................................................230 8.4 符号引用........................................................................................................................231 8.5 花括弧，方括弧和引号................................................................................................232 8.5.1 引用不能当作散列键字用.................................................................................234 8.5.2 垃圾收集，循环引用和弱引用.........................................................................235 第九章数据结构.........................................................................................................................236 9.1 数组的数组....................................................................................................................237 6 9.1.1 创建和访问一个两维数组.................................................................................237 9.1.2 自行生长.............................................................................................................238 9.1.3 访问和打印.........................................................................................................240 9.1.4 片段.....................................................................................................................241 9.1.5 常见错误.............................................................................................................242 9.2 数组的散列....................................................................................................................245 9.2.1 数组的散列的组成.............................................................................................245 9.2.2 生成数组的散列.................................................................................................246 9.2.3 访问和打印数组的散列.....................................................................................247 9.3 散列的数组....................................................................................................................248 9.3.1 组成一个散列的数组.........................................................................................248 9.3.2 生成散列的数组.................................................................................................249 9.3.3 访问和打印散列的数组.....................................................................................250 9.4 散列的散列....................................................................................................................251 9.4.1 构成一个散列的散列.........................................................................................251 9.4.2 生成散列的散列.................................................................................................252 9.4.3 访问和打印散列的散列.....................................................................................255 9.5 函数的散列....................................................................................................................257 9.6 更灵活的记录................................................................................................................258 9.6.1 更灵活的记录的组合，访问和打印.................................................................258 9.6.2 甚至更灵活的记录的组合，访问和打印.........................................................259 9.6.3 复杂记录散列的生成.........................................................................................261 9.7 保存数据结构................................................................................................................263 第十章包.....................................................................................................................................264 10.1 符号表..........................................................................................................................268 10.2 自动装载......................................................................................................................273 第十一章模块.............................................................................................................................276 11.1 使用模块......................................................................................................................276 11.2 创建模块......................................................................................................................278 11.2.1 模块私有和输出器...........................................................................................279 11.2.1.1 不用 Exporter 的输入方法进行输出..................................................281 11.2.1.2 版本检查................................................................................................282 11.2.1.3 管理未知符号........................................................................................282 11.2.1.4 标签绑定工具函数................................................................................283 11.3 覆盖内建的函数..........................................................................................................283 第十二章对象（上）.................................................................................................................285 12.1 简单复习一下面向对象的语言..................................................................................285 12.2 Perl 的对象系统..........................................................................................................286 12.3 方法调用......................................................................................................................287 12.3.1 使用箭头操作符的方法调用...........................................................................288 12.3.2 使用间接对象的方法调用...............................................................................289 12.3.3 间接对象的句法障碍.......................................................................................290 12.3.4 引用包的类.......................................................................................................292 12.4 构造对象......................................................................................................................293 7 12.4.1 可继承构造器...................................................................................................294 12.4.2 初始器...............................................................................................................296 12.5 类继承..........................................................................................................................298 第十二章对象（下）.................................................................................................................300 12.5.1 通过 @ISA 继承.............................................................................................300 12.5.2 访问被覆盖的方法...........................................................................................301 12.5.3 UNIVERSAL：最终的祖先类.........................................................................303 12.5.4 方法自动装载...................................................................................................306 12.5.5 私有方法...........................................................................................................308 12.6 实例析构器..................................................................................................................309 12.6.1 用 DESTROY 方法进行垃圾收集.................................................................310 12.7 管理实例数据..............................................................................................................310 12.7.1 用 use fields 定义的域....................................................................................313 12.7.2 用 Class::Struct 生成类..................................................................................316 12.7.3 使用 Autoloading（自动装载）生成指示器..................................................318 12.7.4 用闭合域生成指示器.......................................................................................320 12.7.5 将闭合域用于私有对象...................................................................................321 12.7.6 新技巧...............................................................................................................324 12.8 管理类数据..................................................................................................................326 12.9 总结..............................................................................................................................329 第十三章重载.............................................................................................................................329 13.1 overload 用法...............................................................................................................330 13.3 可重载操作符..............................................................................................................333 13.4 拷贝构造器（=） .......................................................................................................341 13.5 当缺失重载句柄的时候（nomethod 和 fallback） .................................................342 13.6 重载常量......................................................................................................................343 13.7 公共重载函数..............................................................................................................345 13.8 继承和重载..................................................................................................................346 13.9 运行时重载..................................................................................................................346 13.10 重载诊断....................................................................................................................346 第十三章捆绑（tie）变量上.....................................................................................................347 14.1 捆绑标量......................................................................................................................349 14.1.1 标量捆绑方法...................................................................................................350 14.1.2 魔术计数变量...................................................................................................355 14.1.3 神奇地消除 $_.................................................................................................356 14.2 捆绑数组......................................................................................................................358 14.2.1 数组捆绑方法....................................................................................................360 14.2.2 大家方便...........................................................................................................365 第十四章捆绑（tie）变量下.....................................................................................................367 14.3 捆绑散列......................................................................................................................367 14.3.1 散列捆绑方法....................................................................................................368 14.4 捆绑文件句柄...............................................................................................................376 14.4.1 文件句柄捆绑方法...........................................................................................378 14.4.2 创建文件句柄....................................................................................................388 8 14.5 一个精细的松绑陷阱..................................................................................................395 14.6 CPAN 里的模块..........................................................................................................399 第十五章 UNICODE.................................................................................................................400 15.1 制作字符......................................................................................................................401 15.2 字符语意的效果..........................................................................................................403 第十六章，进程间通讯...............................................................................................................409 16.1 信号..............................................................................................................................409 16.1.1 给进程组发信号...............................................................................................412 16.1.2 收割僵死进程...................................................................................................413 16.1.3 给慢速操作调速...............................................................................................415 16.1.4 阻塞信号...........................................................................................................416 16.2 文件..............................................................................................................................416 16.2.1 文件锁定...........................................................................................................417 16.2.2 传递文件句柄...................................................................................................421 16.3 管道..............................................................................................................................425 16.3.1 匿名管道...........................................................................................................425 16.3.2 自言自语...........................................................................................................428 16.3.3 双向通讯...........................................................................................................431 16.3.4 命名管道...........................................................................................................434 16.4. System V IPC...............................................................................................................436 16.5. 套接字.........................................................................................................................442 16.5.1 网络客户端程序...............................................................................................443 16.5.2 网络服务器.......................................................................................................446 16.5.3 消息传递...........................................................................................................450 第十七章线程.............................................................................................................................453 17.1 进程模型......................................................................................................................453 17.2 线程模型......................................................................................................................454 17.2.1 线程模块...........................................................................................................456 17.2.1.1 创建线程................................................................................................456 17.2.1.2 线程删除................................................................................................457 17.2.1.3 捕获来自 join 的例外..........................................................................459 17.2.1.4 detach 方法............................................................................................459